Conflict perspective - relates communal violence to economic deprivation and to the class struggle between the haves and the have-not's to secure a monopoly control over the market force.
Social barriers theories - the conditions which lead to collective communal violence are : stress, status frustration and crises of various kind. Aggressors use violence because they suffer from insecurity and anxiety.
Social causes of Communal Clashes
1.Religious animosity - land disputes,
Feiera-bends and Nesvold have called the communal violence as " systematic frustration" it leads to collective violence.
2.Poverty and unemployment - Relative deprivation.
3.Conflicting and incompatible religious ideologies- decline in religious norms of tolerance and secular values.
4.Identity crisis - there is a general feeling that orthodox Hindus and Muslims have a problem with the secular character of the india state.
5.Political factors - intermixing of religion and politics ex- religion based vote bank, political interference in religious Affairs.
6.Role of social media - circulation of fake news and inciting speech by the political leaders
7.Majoritarian Hegemony and minority insecurities - Economic exploitation and discrimination of minority religious communities.
Ex- Bangladesh Durga Pooja violence - It resulted in incidents of vandalism of Hindu temples and homes belonging to the minority community in Bangladesh.
8.Religion based social stratification and dogmatic religious beliefs
According to brass Riots are triggered due to the presence of " institutionalised riot systems"
Social consequences of communal clashes
1.Erosion of constitutional values - it dampens constitutional values like secularism band fraternity.
2.Social dissonance - it strengthens vote banks of ideologically aligned political parties and further distrupts the cohesiveness in society.
3.Mob lynching and damage social fabric - rise in intolerance and Communal disharmony lead to majoritarianism.
4.Legal lag - feeling of lawlessness and thereby generates fear among minorities.
5.Result of state machinery failure - to frame comprehensive law against communal violence.
6.Legitimacy crisis - question nature of government and affect the reputation of nation.
Characteristics of communal violence in india
1.Communal violence are more politically motivated than fuelled by religion
2.Communal violence seem to be more common in North India than in south India
3.Most communal violence take place on the occasion of of religious festivals.
4.The use deadly weapons in the violence is an the Ascendancy.
5.Communal riots are more common in urban areas than rural areas.
6.Economic interests plays a major role in communal clashes.
