Sociological Perspectives on Sologamy or Self-marriage

What is sologamy or self marriage

          Sologamy is the act of marrying oneself in a public ceremony, also referred to as self-marriage or autogamy.While such a marriage has no legal sanction or status, the symbolic ceremony is used by many as an act to emphasize their self-love and independence.

1.Increased freedom of marital choice - women also frame self-matrimony as a unique solution to the problem of women sacrificing their own needs in a relationship.

           Emile durkheim says new forms of partnership emerged as result of expansion of the choice of the individual - Individualization 

2.Greater involvement of females in decision making process - Female education 

3.It Break stereotypes and it reduce social interaction significantly.

4.Legal lag - sologamy is not illegal in india or anywhere in the world.

5.Threat to society :- Sologamy, in itself, can look like a threat to society as far as taking the lineage of a family forward is concerned, because in collectivistic cultures, making families and forming bonds play an important role,”

5.Social disorganization - decrease in the influence of the exasting social rules of behaviour upon individual members .

7.Confluent love - according to gideens today relationship are based on compatibility, companiship - emotional support rather than traditional roles 

8.Increasing in financial autonomy - women can afford to live on thier own, build thier careerz, but thier home and create their own lives 

9.Sologamy stems from a growing trend toward singlehood especially in the western .

Sociologists point out that Sologamy has appeared at a time, when, in the West, the percentage of unmarried or divorced/separated people has been rising. As one would expect, the typical clients are urban, affluent and educated women. Interestingly, the group includes even women who are already married.

Criticism.

1.Social stigma - people have not yet to accept this form of relationship Ex- india 

2.Hurt sentiments of many communities ( many Hindu leaders oppose ksham bindu self marriage in temple ) 

3.Disrespect of social bonds and relationships

4.increasing sologamy divorce - Brazilian model announced she was ending her solo-marriage after just 90 days as she had fallen in love with someone else.

5.Breaking down of marriage institutions

6.Against our culture - western culture v/s indian culture 

     Our culture has always seen weddings as one of the most significant rites in a person’s life. “Along with birth, puberty, and death, marriage has been regarded as one of the universal human crises,” writes sociologist B.F. Timmons. “Among preliterates, vast culture complexes of ritual, devotion, sacrificial offerings, and costly expenditures grew up around these crises.”

Sociological analysis on Prostitution - SEX WORK

"Purely from the angle of economic return, the hard question is not why so many women become prostitutes, but why so few of them do"

                                                          - K. Davis (1937)

Conflict perspective:- women becomes prostitute beacuse of structural factors such a economic inequality and patriarchy.

Ms Jyotsna Chatteqee :- “Male domination, the class and caste structures and effects of industrialisation have led to this commercialisation ofthe old profession. Trafficking in women has today become a highly profitable industry. Our studies on various traditional groups have proved that a large number of prostitutes are descendants of old traditional and religious groups like devadasis

Functionalist perspective:- this helps bring down the number of rapes and sexual assaults inany society.

Feminist perspective:- Anti-prostitution feminists argue that prostitution has a very negative effect, both on the prostitutes themselves and on society as a whole, as it reinforces stereotypical views about women.Pro-prostitution feminists hold that prostitution and other forms of sex work can be valid choices for women and men who choose to engage in it.

1.Prostitution contribute to the objectification of women

2.Futile effect( legalize prostitution legitimate the violence how :- if someone constantly harmed it is acceptable because it is a job )

3.Alienation and exploitation of women.

4.Changing the women identify ( it create rapid emotional dependency)

5.Making women socially invisible ( isolated from mainstream)

6.Reinforcing gender inequlity.

7.If its legalized it led to increase human trafficking

8.It effect on family life and social disorganization.

9.Sensitisation towards sex workers - recently supreme court instructed the police to not discriminate against sex workers. 

Positive side :-

🔸Ability to control the spread STD

🔸Reduced rate of rape and sex trafficking

🔸Prostitution normalise violence ( sexual 🔸Violence and physical assault if it legalize

Reason for prostitution:-

🔹I'll treatment by parents

🔹Social customs like devadasi system

🔹Desertion by spouse

🔹Family tradition or involvement of family members in prostitution

🔹Widowhood and restrictions on widow remarriage

🔹Lack of sex education and influence of media

🔹Absence of recreational facilities

Sociological analysis on Uniform Civil Code

1.Eliminating gender discrimination - over the years the rights of women have been limited because of religious laws.liberal and gender sensitive civil code is need of the hour 

2.A uniform law increase inter-caste and inter-religious marriage. 

3.Religious harmony - because it separate social relationships and personal laws from Religion.

4.New social reform - stepping stone towards another social reform across the country- muslims women are denied with personal laws in relation to marriage, on contrary various muslims nations like Bangladesh, turkey etc women enjoy codified perosnal laws. 

  

5.Uniform civil code control the population explosion 

6.It always polarized around the Twin Axis of - State - Community, Tradition - Modernity and Religion - secularism. 

7.Jawaharlal Nehru and D Br Ambedkar continued endorsing the uniform civil code as an instrument of modernization, secularisation and national integration.

8.Support national integration - supreme court judge YV chandrachuda says -a common civil code will also help in strengthening the cause of national integration by removing conflicting interests. because humanism is our creed and a common law for all indian is our ideal.

All religions as oppressive products of a less developed society , the introduction of a uniform civil code seen as the only solution to get Rid of the continued exploitation based on religion.

Criticism 

1.Threat to communal harmony - it creates fear among various religions especially minorities.

2.Government interference into personal matters - question the legitimacy and secularism of the state.

3. Law Commission of India stated that the Uniform Civil Code is “neither necessary nor desirable at this stage” in the country. The Commission said secularism cannot contradict the plurality prevalent in the country.

4.Constitutional contradiction - The conflict of freedom of religion with equality before law and right to equality. 

5.Generalization of oppression of women - Blind drive for social reform without addressing the district subject position and living reality of the women have been the bane of the rights of women and change in thier status 

6.Threat of Majoritarian dominance over minorities - misconception about hindutva model of uniform civil code.

Sociological analysis on Hijab controversy

1.Hijabophobia - is a type of religious and cultural discrimination against Muslim women who wear the hijab. 

2.Politicisation of hijab and Vote bank politics - political leaders and parties manipulating public sentiments. 

3.Contradiction between the Indian state and the Indian model of secularism.

         Positive secularism- indian securalism is different from western secularism, indian constitution embodies positive secularism- protecting all religions equally and giving equal respect to all the religions.

4.Religious fanaticism whether by the majority or the minority has only damaged the secular mosaic.

5.Contradiction between Two western paradigms of secularism ( universalism and multiculturalism ) 

6.Legitimacy of state - it question the legitimacy of the state- it's the duty of state to ensure that an individual can profess and practice her religion - religious freedom is the hallmark of pluralism and inclusiveness. 

7.Denied of the fundamental rights - the choice of dress based on religious injunctions is a fundamental right protected article 25(1).

8.Communal disharmony and competative communalism - protest over hijab turn violent in Karnataka 

9.Legal lag - In Amna Bint Basheer v Central Board of Secondary Education (2016), the Kerala High Court held that the practice of wearing a hijab constitutes an essential religious practise but did not quash the dress code prescribed by CBSE.

10.Hijab not gender neutral element of religion it's imposed on women. 

Sociological analysis on Population control policy

Social causes of high population growth 

1.Marriage of girls at comparatively younger age: Despite Child Marriage Restraint Act, nearly 27% of women were married before attaining 18 years of Age.

2. Climatic Factor: Due to climatic factor, girls reach puberty at an early age and consequently the period of reproduction in girls is long.

 3.Widow Remarriage: It is another contributory factor especially among the Muslims, lower Hindu castes and tribal communities.

4.Social Customs and Religion: Due to religious factors people of India want male child for performing various religious duty.

🔸 Agrarian Economy: It is a significant contributory factor especially in the conditions of labour intensive agriculture. 

🔸 The moment one starts working on the field he is considered employed and fit for marriage. 

🔸 religion and social institution supporting high fertility 

🔸 marriage is sacrament in hindu religion 

🔸 children are considered to be gifts of god,no control of child bearing.

5.Traditional Joint Family System: The joint family system existing in India takes the responsibility of not only reading the children but also provide various social and economic securities and people feel free to go for more children.+ Poor families consider them as sources of income.

6.Mass Illiteracy: In India female illiteracy is a very important factor in growth of population Illiterate women have no role in controlling over children birth as the number of children is decided by male in Indian illiterate family. 

7.Demographic transition : high IMR and child mortality rate, Higher death rate of infant creates apprehensions in the minds of the parents about the survival of child and hence there is tendency to go for more than one child.

8. Failure of Government Policy: Indian government has also failed to make family planning a people's movement.

Social Determinants of population growth 

1.Demogrphic factors : birthrate mortality rate 

Growth rate is high when death rate is controlled with the advancement in medicine science.

2.Economic factors - economically weaker state have more growth rate compared to non economic backward states .

3.Educational status -linked with fertility rate , less educated families are found as less family planning techniques.

4.Social values - desirability of male children.

5.Natural calamities- negative growth in 1911-21 due to natural calamities like plague And influenza .

6.Age of marriage - lower age marriage child marriage.

7.cultural factors -certain religious practice prohibit the use of contraceptive 

     Ex : most of the Orthodox Christians do not permit abortion at any stage .Indian origin doctor in Canada 2012 die to such rule.

8.Accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under the family planning programme.

Arguments favor of population control Policy

1.It ensure sustainable development with Reduced inequality in income distribution.

2.Planned population movement ( it allowing improve health and wealth ) 

3.Changes in the traditional role of women -It helps in having more job opportunities for women.

4.Population control policy mainly aims at reduction of population and less population leads to less pollution and brings healthy environment

5.Population control policy will be the major reason to control or reduce pollution, global warming, deforestation

Arguments against population control Policy 

1.Increasing ageing population - china one child policy warned that strict population control measures would have negative consequences.

2.Discriminatory against women- india has one of the world highest rates of female sterilization,with about 37% of women having the operations. Only a tiny fraction of men choose to have Vasectomies.

3.Female Feticide - policy may also lead to a worrying trend of gender discrimination as a desire for male children could lead to reported abortions and infanticide. 

4.Penalizing vulnerable section of the society- de-incentivization, such as taking away subsidies, rations ext. Will only focus on a very small portion of people.

🔸Sometimes it is due to extreme Poverty, lack of awareness or the inability to afford contraceptives or abortion that people have more kids.

5.Increase in orphanism and abortions.-Implementation of the two child norm may lead to more sex selective abortion as many people in India prefer having a male child than female child

Sociological analysis on Medical Termination of Pregnancy

"There is no freedom, no equality, no full human dignity and personhood possible for women until they assert and demand control over their own bodies and reproductive process...The right to have an abortion is a matter of individual conscience and conscious choice for the women concerned.”

                                             -Betty Friedan.

Functionalist perspective:- abortion as a constant social change and the other parts of society would try to help with this change.

Conflict perspective :- abortion is regarded as a source of conflict in society. Conflict theorist would generally believe that society is not doing enough to solve the issues of abortion but rather create intense conflict in society. Government v/s people

Symbolic interactionism perspective :- symbolic interactionist may deem abortion as the right thing to do, in the case of a women being raped. However, they may view abortion as the wrong thing to do, in the case if a drunken one night stand, in which neither party used contraception. They says abortion function as a controversial issues in our society there seems to be no end to whether it will be legal or illegal.

Feminist perspective :- abortion was a symptom and symbol of an unjust and unequal society, a society that enforced a double standard for women in sex, in family roles, in the work place, and in politics

What is need for an abortion law 

1.Strengthening reproductive rights - providing legal support ensures dignity, autonomy and justice for women who need to terminate pregnancy. 

           Margeret Sanger said - No women can call herself free until she can choose consiously whether she will or will not be a mother. 

2.Encouraging societal acceptance for choice - creation of a law help spearhead the movement of reproductive rights of women akin to the evolution in the case of dowry prohibition.

3.Medical termination of pregnancy reduce illegal abortion, maternal mortality and morbidity. 

4.Lack of institutionalised abortion support for single or divorced women in extremely vulnerable situation. 

5.Rise of new social movements - to stop female foeticide - countries began to legalize abortion. 

6.Cultural preference for sons and sex selective abortions - Due to patrilineal kinship, inheritance practice, patrilocal marriage system. 

7.Special categories of women - include rape survivors, victims of incest, the differently abled and minors. 

8.Destigamatising pregnancies outside marriage 

What is the Crux of the abortion issue - The Pro-Life v/s Pro-Choice debate 

Pro-Choice movement ( Focus on mother ) 

1. With strong basis in reproductive rights of women - the pro-choice movement is represented by people who are for medical abortion.

2. Women autonomy rights over body.

3. State can't overlook the age of minor and mental health of women mentally ill. Also rape victims should have freedom of choice on pregnancy termination to ensure dignity and justice.

4. No child should be brought unwanted. 

Pro-Life movement ( focus on child ) 

1. With strong basis in religion and rights of unborn child the pro-Life movement is represented by people who are against medical abortion.

2. Fetus rights of personhood.

3. Misuse of prenatal diagnosis for sex determination.

4. Against humanity and state has an obligation to protect all life including fetus. 

Criticisms of MTP act 2021 

1.Social stigma - due to issues like loss of privacy, victims of rape, families may avoid using formal means of abortion.

2.Religious opposition - several inscription and religious texts oppose the idea of abortion - it hinders development of social acceptance and hence leads to limited usage of the law. 

3.Lack of awareness of rights - many are still not aware of their reproductive rights. 

4.Institutionalisation of abortion - the boards are unnecessary and an invasion of privacy of the pregnant women. 

5.Liberal abortion laws can trigger mushrooming of sex selection clinics for female foetal abortions 

Sociological analysis on Commodification of religion

Commodification of religion refers to religious symbols becoming commodities, objects of consumption readily available in the “supermarket of religion,” in economic life, and the media landscape. ... Often, the commodification of religion is related to a loss of power to shape religious practices.

       Commodification of religion is similar to the packaging of emotions into the compartments of particularistic piety wherein people drive thier identity from. 

   Einstein identifies commodification of 

religion in faith branding, as a concept reflected in the packaging of religion as a product for purchase mainly  using sacred objects and religious artefacts.

Causes of commodification of religion 

1.The part of globalisation has played in ushering commodification and commercialization of religion 

Mera nanda gives detailed analysis of the aspects of commodification of religion. See sees New india religiosity and commodification of religion as a response to india headlong rush into the global economy.

• Commodification of religion is response to new socio-psychological needs created by Neo-liberalism and globalisation.
• New rituals and new gods are being invented old gods are being modified, and new gurus are mixing up spiritualism with capitalism and consumerism. 
• 

2.the practice of rituals and observance of beliefs is heavily influenced by what is happening around the world. 

3.Rise in media production and distribution :- The " Rush hour of the gods " termed by H Neill Macfarland to describe the proliferation of new expression of religiosity in Japan in the immediate aftermath of the second world war. Hence the overwhelming religious and spiritual options given to the ordinary people through mass media.

              Mediated spirituality is a modern day 

phenomenon in which mass media systems are 

effectively utilized by religious producers to reach audiences and engage them in diverse ways at a personal level without any form of scrutiny by known religious conventions.

4.Materials things that are commodities of religion as well as ritual objects such as - Idols, Fresh flowers, framed pictures of deities and prayer alters.

    Galgalo observes that there is a tendency 

to package the name of God and sell it to the highest bidder in exchange for miracles and blessings, contrary to religious orthodoxy which offends commercialization of spiritual gifts.

Example 

1.Girls believed to be in guise of the goddess are given sweets, gifts and money. The relationship between the gooddess and devotee who calls upon the whole ritual can be seen as commodified around monetary transactions. 

2.To commemorate Navaratri puja the market nowadays is flooded with commercialized gift items which the devotees give to young girls. 

3.Akshah trithiya - Consumerist face it has now begun to be celebrated as auspicious for buying gold is getting corporate makeover. 

4.People holding pride while wearing a T-shirt adorns thier god or affixing a sticker of thier religious identity over their cars. This phenomenon is very common as how people endorse thier religious commodities by taking pride with its association. 

Consequences of commodification of religion 

1.Emile durkheim says commodification of religious items can also be seen as a step towards sanctifying a religion because commodities of religion are held to be highly sacred. 

2.Graham Ward argues: Commodification produces a spectogram or hologram of religion, a bloodless and disembodied “religious cast of mind”: a fantasy of religion, which, like an atmosphere, demands only that we breathe it in. 

Karl Marx defines a commodity as something that organizes both material-like and social relations in a capitalistic society. He further describes a commodity as the basic unit of social relations in capitalism  that is used for value exchange. These definitions encompass religion as a social institution considering that religious practices operate on the premise of social relations with religious commodities forming important ingredients which propel that social process.

How religion creates capitalism?

The influence of capitalism is also quite evident on the consumption of religious objects/ material religion and vice versa.

• Legitimacy to trade in religious commodities which are ultimately consumed as ritual objects by devotees is sometimes sanctioned by the religion itself.
• Max Weber in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) studied the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism.
• Weber argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists too played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. Religion as the potential cause of the modern economic conditions is evident because Calvinist religious doctrine value profit and material success as signs of God's favor. Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had similar attitudes to a lesser degree.
• Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system, paving the way for modern capitalism. However, once capitalism emerged, the Protestant values were no longer necessary, and their ethic took which in turn advance development.

There are certain social preconditions to economic development like religion. This is so because religion drives culture and social forms  on a life of its own. useful for modern economic activity.The result is a well-educated, highly skilled diligent work force and large pools of capital. We are now locked into the spirit of capitalism because it is so

         The globalization, capitalism, large scale immigration and with the decline of traditional religious value systems the western individual often faces religious options at a large unprecedented scale. In the present age where flow of information is taking place at an enormous speed, the rate of religious consumerism has also been accelerated. With this new age of information the public comes across varying religious and value based information where they also have the option of discontinue from their own existing value systems. The point for us is to understand that how this process of reconditioning or commodification takes place both at micro and macro level.

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Political parties - Sociological understanding and perspectives

   A political party is a social group with the prime goal of acquiring legitimate political power subject to a background of common ideological belief of its members. In other words, Political parties are organization formed consciously with aim of capturing power. Though, the concept gained currency

in sociological horizon by the efforts of Max Weber, it was Robert Dahl who reflected on its

functional aspect as a communicating channel between its state and its people.

       Political parties mitigate the gap between state and its people by virtue of interest

articulation, interest aggregation, political socialization, political communication and political communication functions.

Functionalist perspective:-political parties are guardian of power in society and use it for collective well beings of society.

Max weber:- political party as " an organized structure which promotes candidates contest elections for the aim of capturing power"

Gabriel almond :- defined political party as the socialized aggregation structure of modern societies.

Functions of political parties

1.political socialization( political parties help to individuals learn and internalize a political lens+ recruitment of political elites ).

2.it aims to form government through legitimate (means like contesting elections ).

3.role in mobilize of public opinion ( maclver says " it is the agency by which public opinion is translated into public policy" ).

4.political parties serve as convenient agencies for the expression of individuals and group interest( Robert dahl "political parties act as linkage between government and people condvit for pressure groups and platform for interest articulation" ).

5.it is platform to express the needs and a channel for the pressure groups.

6.act as watchdog of public policies

Dysfunctions of political parties.

1.political parties lack internal democracy( Paul brass " says there is lack of internal democracy in parties, lack of spirit of nation, hourse trading opportunitsm and dynastic role. 

2.muscle and money power is criteria during election.

3.particularization of interest.

4.political parties encourage perpetuation of elite.

5.political parties encourage nepotism

6.parties are accused of corruption.

7.no clear cut ideological between the various parties.

8.lack of meritocracy.

9.politicisation of primordial traits

   Globalisation undermines political parties hugely Daniel bell states that national government are too small to deal with the big issues, and then too big to deal with the small issues. They are in a vicious circle and this also makes the electorate dissatisfied.

     Robert Michela in his book " political parties 1911" indicates that all parties whether in

democracy or autocracy are organised and key decisions are taken. democracy is an illusion direct participation is impossible. Bureaucracy soon evolves into a technical organisation and starts to behave in a oligarchic manner which Michael termed as " iron law of oligarchy"

Pressure Groups - Sociological perspectives and dimension

    pressure group is an organized group of people that aims to influence public opinion or

policies/actions of government. It acts as a channel of communication between the people andgovernment.

Functionalists perspective:- such groups play a constructive role in decision-making. They preparethe ground for the orderly political participation.

Conflict perspective :- on the other hand argue that although a few organizations work on behalf of the poor and disadvantaged most of the pressure groups represent the vested interests of the business leaders, the lobbies of multinational companies, rich professionals and political leaders.They further assert that these powerful lobbies discourage political participation by the individual citizens.

Pluralist view :- believe that pressure group advance the idea of democracy. they argue that concept of pressure group got its ground from the pluralistic theory of power which emphasize on dispersal of power. It is a hallmark of an open society.

Elitists view :- claim that the pressure groups underline and weaken the democratic process. They argue that pressure groups often suffer from poor internal democracy so they cannot be said to truly represent the views of thier members.

Robert daul :- pressure groups act as multiple power centers in modern liberal democratic

Social Functions of pressure groups

1.agents of political socialization ( they influence the orientation of the people towards the political process )

2.they serve as a vital intermediary institutions between government and society.

3.facilitating social progress and preventing social stagnation ( ex: women and environmental movements ).

4.increase social cohesion and political stability ( safety-valve outlet for individual and collective grievances).

5.check government power and defend rights

6.allow participation in democratic process

Dysfunction of pressure groups.

1.Secret deals are bad for democracy ( money talks ).

2.no pressure groups represent over 50% of public.

3.promote and campaign for narrow self-interest.

4.widen political inequlity and strength the voice of wealth and elite.

5.use of unconstitutional method ( sometimes lead to mass violence + increase non-legitimate power )

        The pressure groups in india a vital element in the process of political modernization, in so far as it represents a response to increasing functional differentiation and to the breakdown of traditional type authority.

Sociological analysis on Terrorism

Functionalist perspective :- they recognising terrorist activities to be deviant acts contrary to the norms of the local and international community.this theoretical perspectives however doesn't translate to terrorism being a good thing and more of it is socially justified rather it means that it is a functional part of society that some of it might be rendered useful.

Conflict perspective:-terrorist activities originated as a result of substantial suppression of a minority groups, be it racial ,ethnic or religious. Expanding from the inequlity that already perfuated in the society.

 Symbolic interactionism :- they treated terrorism as learned behaviours. Individual learn how to commit crimes or become terrorist through the interaction with other terrorists or criminals.this perspective has a tendency to label criminals and terrorist as members of deviant subculture or as counterculture which encourages it's members to commit just the types of acts that the particular group ratified.

Social Causes of terrorism

1.disparity in the distribution of resources:- Madhya Pradesh, bihar and Odisha prime example of terrorism due to socio-economic causes ( where unemployment+exploitation of landless by land owners + absence of land reforms ). 

2.ethno-nationalism:-demanding greater autonomy of succession from a country for ethnic reason.

    Ex: separate nations like Jammu and Kashmir and in Easter states of India 

3.religion:- Maximum number of terrorist incidents in due to religious terrorism.Religion has been mainly attributed to islamic fundamentalism as part of terrorism.

    Ex:sikh group chose terrorism to create an independent states called Khalistan based on sikh religion 

4.socio-economic status:- ( relative deprivation) due to economic differences between rich countries and poor country lead to humiliation frustrations and victimization in group of persons belong to poor countries.

5.alienation or discrimination:-sentiments of discrimination and isolation ex: 9/11 terrorist attack in USA ( USA migrant muslims who went to Germany from thier native nation for thier education they felt discriminated in Europe,they created terrorist group ) 

6.political grievances:- demand is not to create state but to change the political policy within nation.Ex: left and right wing terrorist.

7.the accidental guerrilla:- David kilcullen describes it as " a terrorist organisation moves into an area with poor government or that is conflict ridden. Then use this safe haven to spread thier ideology to 

other areas.

8.no safety valves:-each social group has built in safety valves for letting offstress. enterainment, gambling and prostitutions. When authorities closed these safety valves for some ulterior motive without taking consideration of morale, habits of the people or without recognising thier latent functions( involvement of film/drug mafia in Bombay blasts in 1993 ) 

Social Consequences of terrorism :-

1.it can lead to changes in people beliefs and attitudes ( how people view other societies) 

2.increasing negative stereotyping ( ex: rise of Islamophobia in USA following 9/11 atttack and anti-arab sentiments in Spain following Madrid train bombing) 

3.rise of enthnocentrism and xenophobia ( group of citizens of affected nations increase its solidarity in the face of violence ) 

3.terrorist acts would entail the govt to create more jobs opportunity in both public service or 

millitary to combat against them.

4.terrorism provieds a legitimation for the use of civilian surveillance to monitor against potential terrorist activities .

     🔸  Functionalist would contends that it is a useful part of the society as it preempts future rise 

of terrorism. 

      🔸 Conflict perspective believe that terrorism has become a justification for the govt to launch more vigorous surveillance on its citizens and systematically deprive them of thier right to privacy in life.

5.terrorism strengthening the both internal cohesion and external collaboration of state.

6.causes suspicion and tension among different ethnic and religious groups.

While applied Robert k Merton theory of latent and manifest functions:-

Manifest functions of terrorism:-

   ⏺️Forms and strengthening in group solidarity and cohesiveness.

  ⏺️ Can bring about needed changes

  ⏺️ Can make conformity seem more desirable 

Latent functions of terrorism:-

      🔸 Terrorism makes life unpredictable and dangerous

      🔸 Weakens people motivation to conform 

      🔸Confusion of norms and values 

       Terrorism is a global problem that transcends national boundaries, but does not emerge from a social vacuum. It is influenced, encouraged, and caused by interaction between the individual, society, and the state. Social disintegration can alienate individuals and groups to such an extent  that terrorism is seen as an available and expedient recourse to address their grievances. For this reason, terrorism cannot be addressed exclusively as a military or political problem, but rather must 

be confronted on a societal level as well.

Afghanistan crisis - Sociological perspective

Why it's in News - Taliban takeover in Afghanistan 

1.Religious fundamentalism - Taliban will have trouble balancing it's religious ideology with the imperatives of state interests.

2.Legitimacy crisis - Taliban struggling for thier legitimacy 

3.Oppression of women - women never have any choice. 

🔸Identify crisis 

🔸Poverty, lack of rights and employment opportunities are among thier biggest problems 

🔸Disparites in gender education 

4.Ideological factors - supremacy between the two streams of political and social ideology- Theorcracy or constitutional monarchy.

5.Political vaccum - political elites were corrupt and we're looking for foreign aid rather than development goals - it lead political crisis 

6.Conflictual and fragmentary character of Afghan society- Ethnolinguistic, religious- secterian cleavages and tribal loyalties.

7.Refugee crisis - Afghan families leave thier home after fighting between the Afghans millitary and Taliban.

8.Falalistic suicide - excessive control of society over an individual- social pressure - globally there are more make suicides than female suicidess but Afghanistan it is estimated that 80% of suicide attempts are made by women - increase suicide rate among women during fight between two supremacy ideology.

9.Social structural heterogeneity of Afghan society - affecting the process of state building country.